Pun
Config
Choose setting:
Minimal
Beginner
Intermediate
Expert
Home
About
Articles
Text Decryptions
All Contents

# Gregory: History of the Franks

🏷 Latin text interlinear · text — by Gerry · Dec 2024 · 12830 words

The History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours tells how the Frankish empire was founded. As usual, the text is pun-encrypted, and as usual, the new empire is just a continuation of the older empire in a new disguise: The Frankish elites were really descendants of Roman overlords, just like the Roman elites were descendants of Phoenician overlords. The entirety of human history is an endless continuity of aristocratic deception, and the Western hemisphere history is a continuation of Phoenician deception specifically.

## Introduction

Gregory of Tours (538–594 AD) was a Catholic bishop & historian, born into an upper-class insider family of senators & bishops, during the Merovingian period, when the Frankish Merovingian dynasty succeeded the collapsing Western Roman Empire. Gregory wrote the Historia Francorum, the “History of the Franks”. As we would expect, the text is encrypted, and is really about how the Romans disguised themselves as Franks, to gain control of those otherwise hard to conquer territories.

That the Western Roman empire collapsed on itself, while a new empire rose almost immediately, covering much of the same territory, that is suspicious enough not to trust the official story. I have not yet decrypted the founding of the Frankish empire, but since everything else is just a repetition of the founding of Rome by disguised Phoenicians, including the writing of pun-encrypted histories, we can safely assume that the Frankish empire was just a continuation of the same old eternally-ruling families, just with new disguises & headquarters. That Catholic medieval Latin texts are encrypted just like the Roman ones also proves as much.

The short section I’ve decrypted so far tells how the Roman rulers send troupes of actors disguised as Franks into the Frankish woodlands, who play-enact mock battles with Roman soldiers to impress the local Franks.

(As an additional hint, the later Chronicle of Fredegar claims that the Franks came originally from Troy, which is the codeword for Phoenician Tyre, used throughout Virgil’s Aeneid & Livy’s History.)

### References

- Monumenta.ch (Latin text)
- Dalton translation, Oxford University Press (English translation)

### How to read this

- In the interlinear word-by-word translation, each word is shown as a little block; each verse is a paragraph of little blocks.
- Use the Pun Config to choose your level: Minimal for secret meaning only, Beginner for secret & official English texts, Intermediate for word-by-word vocabulary, Expert for original text & glyphs.
- Possible pun-encrypted meaning is marked with light red.
- Official meaning is marked with light green.
- Pun vocabulary is in red, whenever the meaning differs. All vocabulary is linked to online dictionaries.
- Please read the introduction, and judge yourself whether I got it right.
- Religious readers should proceed with care.

## History of the Franks

### Roman rulers cannot rule Northern Europe openly, so they colonize it secretly.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.1.a

> Encrypted: As of the Frankish actual kings, who actually was the first is to many unknown. For even though many things about them Sulpicius Alexander tells in his history, not however the king first does he in any respect name, but only that some rulers they had he says.

> Official: As of the Frankish real kings, who actually was the first is to many unknown. For even though many things about them Sulpicius Alexander tells in his history, not however the king first does he in any respect name, but only that dukes they had he says.

> As of
> de: of, from, about
> De
> de: of, from, about
> As of
> the Frankish
> Francus: Frankish
> Francorum
> Francus: Frankish
> the Frankish
> actual
> vero: actual
> vero
> vero: true, real
> real
> kings,
> rex / regibus: king, ruler
> regibus
> rex / regibus: king, ruler
> kings,
> who
> quid / quis: who, what
> quis
> quid / quis: who, what
> who
> [actually] was
> sum / fuerit: be
> fuerit
> sum / fuerit: be
> [actually] was
> the first
> primus: first
> primus
> primus: first
> the first
> [is] to
> a: from, by, to
> a
> a: from, by, to
> [is] to
> many
> multus: many
> multis
> multus: many
> many
> unknown.
> ignoro: ignore, not know
> ignoratur
> ignoro: ignore, not know
> unknown.
> For
> nam: for
> Nam
> nam: for
> For
> [even though]
> cum: with
> cum
> cum: with
> [even though]
> many [things]
> multus: many
> multa
> multus: many
> many [things]
> about
> de: of, from, about
> de
> de: of, from, about
> about
> them
> is / eis: he who, that
> eis
> is / eis: he who, that
> them
> Sulpicius [??]
> Sulpicius: Sulpicius
> Sulpici
> Sulpicius: Sulpicius
> Sulpicius
> Alexander [??]
> Alexander: Alexander
> Alexandri
> Alexander: Alexander
> Alexander
> tells
> narro: narrate, tell
> narret
> narro: narrate, tell
> tells
> [in his] history,
> historia: history
> historia
> historia: history
> [in his] history,
> not
> non: not
> non
> non: not
> not
> however
> tamen: however, yet, still
> tamen
> tamen: however, yet, still
> however
> the king
> rex / regem: king, ruler
> regem
> rex / regem: king, ruler
> the king
> first
> primus: first
> primum
> primus: first
> first
> [does] he
> is / eorum: he who, that
> eorum
> is / eorum: he who, that
> [does] he
> in any respect
> ullatenus: in any respect whatever
> ullatinus
> ullatenus: in any respect whatever
> in any respect
> name,
> nomino: name
> nominat
> nomino: name
> name,
> but [only]
> sed: but
> sed
> sed: but
> but [only]
> [that some] rulers
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> duces
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> [that] dukes
> they
> is / eos: he who, that
> eos
> is / eos: he who, that
> they
> had
> habeo: have
> habuisse
> habeo: have
> had
> [he] says.
> dico: say
> dicit
> dico: say
> [he] says.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.1.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.1.b

> Encrypted: Those things yet of the same events as he recorded, I will relate as they appeared there. For after saying that when the Greatest rulers were within the North, they lost all hope of ruling there directly, and instead as if they were friendly settled there, the author adds the following:

> Official: Those things yet of the same events as he recorded, I will relate as they appeared there. For after saying that when Magnus Maximus was within Aquileia, he lost all hope of ruling, and as if demented remained thereafter, the author adds the following:

> Those [things]
> qui / quae: who, what
> Quae
> qui / quae: who, what
> Those [things]
> yet
> tamen: however, yet, still
> tamen
> tamen: however, yet, still
> yet
> of
> de: of, from, about
> de
> de: of, from, about
> of
> the same [events]
> idem / eisdem: the same
> eisdem
> idem / eisdem: the same
> the same [events]
> [as he] recorded,
> refero: refer, record
> referat
> refero: refer, record
> [as he] recorded,
> [I will] relate
> memoro: remember, relate
> memorare
> memoro: remember, relate
> [I will] relate
> [as they] appeared [there].
> video: see, appear
> videtur
> video: see, appear
> [as they] appeared [there].
> For
> nam: for
> Nam
> nam: for
> For
> after
> cum: with
> cum
> cum: with
> after
> saying
> dico: say
> dicit
> dico: say
> saying
> [that when] the Greatest [rulers?]
> maximus: greatest, highest, most distinguished
> Maximum
> Maximus: Maximus
> [that when Magnus] Maximus
> [were] within
> intra: within
> intra
> intra: within
> [was] within
> the North,
> aquilonius: northern
> Aquileiam
> Aquileia: Aquileia
> Aquileia,
> [they] lost
> amitto: lose
> amissam
> amitto: lose
> [he] lost
> all
> omnis: all, whole
> omnem
> omnis: all, whole
> all
> hope
> spes: hope
> spem
> spes: hope
> hope
> of ruling [there directly],
> imperium: rule, command
> imperii
> imperium: rule, command
> of ruling,
> [and instead] as if
> quasi: as if
> quasi
> quasi: as if
> [and] as if
> [they were?] friendly
> amans: loving, friendly, kind
> amentem
> amens: demented, insane, foolish
> demented
> settled [there],
> resido: settle
> resedere
> resideo: reside, remain, stay
> remained [thereafter],
> [the author] adds [the following]:
> adiungo: add, join
> adiungit
> adiungo: add, join
> [the author] adds [the following]:

> Historia Francorum 2.9.1.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.1.c

> Encrypted: At that time, the hidden families, the dressed-up nobles and those without public name, these rulers as the Franks in Germania appeared, and with many common mortals they settled it undiscovered and casually, the fertile most of those districts and of those populations, and even into the settlers then being colonized substitutes they injected.

> Official: At that time, Genobaud, Marcomer and Sunno, these rulers of the Franks into Germania broke, and with much mortality the border they invaded with slaughter, the fertile most of those districts they plundered, and even into Agrippina, now being Cologne, fear they instilled.

> At
> eo: there, until
> Eo
> eo: there, until
> At
> [that] time,
> tempus: time
> tempore
> tempus: time
> [that] time,
> the hidden families [??],
> geno: beget; gens: family, clan; abdo / abdes: cover, hide, conceal
> Genobaude
> Genobaudes: Genobaudes
> Genobaud,
> the dressed-up nobles [??]
> mas / maria: man, noble; como / comere: arrange, adorn, dress
> Marcomere
> Marcomer: Marcomer
> Marcomer
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> [those] without [public] name [??],
> sine: without; nomen: name
> Sunnone
> Sunno / Sunnone: Sunno
> Sunno,
> [these] rulers
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> ducibus
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> [these] rulers
> [as???] the Franks [??]
> Francus: Frankish
> Franci
> Francus: Frankish
> of the Franks
> in
> in: in
> in
> in: in
> into
> Germania
> Germania: Germania
> Germaniam
> Germania: Germania
> Germania
> appeared,
> prorumpo: make an appearance
> prorupere
> prorumpo: rush forth, break out
> broke,
> and
> ac: and also
> ac
> ac: and also
> and
> [with] many
> plus / pluribus: many, more
> pluribus
> plus / pluribus: many, more
> [with] much
> [common] mortals
> mortalis: mortal
> mortalium
> mortalis: mortal
> mortality
> [they] settled [it]
> limo / limatus: rub, whet, polish, detract gradually from; limito: limit, fix, settle, determine
> limite
> limito: bound, limit
> the border
> undiscovered
> inrepertus / inreperto: not discovered
> inrupto
> inrumpo / inrupto: invade, break in
> [they] invaded
> [and] casually [??],
> casu: casually
> caesis
> caedo / caesus: cut, kill, slay, slaughter
> [with] slaughter,
> the fertile
> fertilis: fertile, fruitful
> fertiles
> fertilis: fertile, fruitful
> the fertile
> most
> maxime: most
> maxime
> maxime: most
> most
> [of those] districts
> pagus: country district
> pagus
> pagus: country district
> [of those] districts
> [and?] of [those] populations,
> de: of, from; populus / populo: people
> depopulati
> depopulo: sack, plunder, pillage
> [they] plundered,
> [and even into] the settlers
> agripeta: settler
> Agrippinensi
> Agrippina: Agrippina
> [and even into] Agrippina,
> then [being]
> etiam: even now
> etiam
> etiam: even now
> now [being]
> colonized
> colonia: colony, possession in land
> Coloniae
> Colonia: Cologne
> Cologne,
> substitutes
> muto: mutate, modify, change, exchange, substitute for
> metum
> metuo: fear, afraid
> fear
> [they] injected.
> inicio: inject, infuse, bring into
> incusserunt
> incutio: strike against, instill
> [they] instilled.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.1.c

### Roman rulers leave bulk of army behind, have their actors disguise as Franks.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.2.a

> Encrypted: When as far as into the tribal lands the hiding had been done, of the Nothing-New strategists and the Mockers, the military masters to whom the hostiles’ deception and the defense of Gaul the Greatest rulers had entrusted, gathered their performers, and with regional clothing had them assembled.

> Official: When as far as Treves the announcement was coming, Nanninus and Quintinus, the military masters to whom his infant son and the defense of Gaul Maximus had entrusted, gathered their troops, and at Agrippina assembled.

> [When] as far
> quod: as far as, until
> Quod
> quod: as far as, until
> [When] as far
> as
> ubi: where, as
> ubi
> ubi: where, as
> as
> [into] the tribal [lands?]
> tribuarius: relating to a tribe
> Treverus
> Treveri / Treverus: Treveri
> Treves
> the hiding
> perlateo / perlatemus: lie completely hidden
> perlatum
> perfero / perlatum / perlatus: carry through, announce
> the announcement
> had been [done],
> sum / est: be
> est
> sum / est: be
> was [coming],
> of the Nothing-New [strategists???]
> non: not; novus: new
> Nanninus
> Nanninus: Nanninus; Naniemus: Naniemus
> Nanninus
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> the Mockers,
> convitium / convitiis: mockery
> Quintinus
> Quintinus: Quintinus
> Quintinus,
> the military
> militaris: military
> militaris
> militaris: military
> the military
> masters
> magister: master
> magistri
> magister: master
> masters
> to whom
> qui / quibus: who, which
> quibus
> qui / quibus: who, which
> to whom
> the hostiles’
> infensus: hostile, enraged
> infantiam
> infans: infant, child
> [his] infant
> deception
> fallo / falsus: deceive, cheat; falsus: false
> filii
> filius: son
> son
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> the defense
> defendo / defensus: defend
> defensionem
> defendo / defensus: defend
> the defense
> of Gaul [???]
> Gallia / Galliarum: Gaul
> Galliarum
> Gallia / Galliarum: Gaul
> of Gaul
> the Greatest [rulers?]
> maximus: greatest, highest, most distinguished
> Maximus
> Maximus: Maximus
> Maximus
> had entrusted,
> committo: commit, entrust
> conmiserat
> committo: commit, entrust
> had entrusted,
> gathered
> colligo / collectus: collect, gather
> collecto
> colligo / collectus: collect, gather
> gathered
> [their] performers,
> exercens: performer
> exercitu
> exercitus: army, troop, infantry
> [their] troops,
> [and] with
> apud: by, with
> apud
> apud: at, near
> [and] at
> regional clothing [???]
> ager / agri: land, territory, country; pannus / panni: cloth, garment
> Agripinam
> Agrippina: Agrippina
> Agrippina
> [had them] assembled.
> convenio: convene, meet, assemble
> convenerunt
> convenio: convene, meet, assemble
> assembled.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.2.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.2.b

> Encrypted: And even very respectful to this appearance were the foreigners from the provinces fertile of those populations, when into this new dress-up they changed. And many more of their men in the Roman lands the Roman rulers had left alone, to replicate to be from the local population, in their preparations.

> Official: But laden with loot were the enemies, from the provinces fertile they had plundered, when the Rhine river they crossed. And many more of their men in the Roman lands the Franks had left alone, to repeat the plundering, in their preparations.

> [And] even
> sed: but even
> Sed
> sed: but
> But
> [very] respectful [???]
> honestus: honest, respectable, decent, proper
> onusti
> onustus: laden
> laden
> [to this???] appearance [?]
> prodeo: come forth, appear
> praeda
> praeda: booty, loot, spoils
> [with] loot
> [were] the foreigners
> hostis: hostile, stranger, foreigner, enemy
> hostes
> hostis: hostile, stranger, foreigner, enemy
> [were] the enemies,
> [from] the provinces
> provincia: province
> provinciarum
> provincia: province
> [from] the provinces
> fertile
> opimus: rich, fertile, abundant
> opima
> opimus: rich, fertile, abundant
> fertile
> of [those] populations,
> de: of, from; populus / populo: people
> depopulati
> depopulo: sack, plunder, pillage
> [they] had plundered,
> [when into this new] dress-up [???]
> orno / ornem: ornament, decorate, dress
> Rhenum
> Rhenus / Rhenum: Rhine
> [when] the Rhine [river]
> [they] changed.
> transeo: change, transform
> transierunt
> transeo: go over, cross
> [they] crossed.
> [And] many [more]
> plus / pluribus: many, more
> pluribus
> plus / pluribus: many, more
> [And] many [more]
> of their [men]
> suus / suorum: his, theirs
> suorum
> suus / suorum: his, theirs
> of their [men]
> in
> in: in
> in
> in: in
> in
> the Roman [lands]
> Romanus: Roman
> Romano
> Romanus: Roman
> the Roman [lands]
> [the Roman rulers] had left
> relictus: derelict, abandoned, left untouched
> relictis
> relictus: derelict, abandoned, left untouched
> [the Franks] had left
> alone,
> solus: sole, alone
> solo
> solus: sole, alone
> alone,
> to
> ad: at, to
> ad
> ad: at, to
> to
> replicate
> repeto: repeat
> repetendam
> repeto: repeat
> repeat
> [to be] from the [local] population,
> de: of, from; populus / populo: people
> depopulationem
> depopulo: sack, plunder, pillage
> the plundering,
> [in their] preparations.
> paratus: prepared, ready
> paratis
> paratus: prepared, ready
> [in their] preparations.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.2.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.2.c

> Encrypted: By means of these preparations then approached them the Roman actors as it was, and many Franks in the view of duplicated souls in this concealed way were displayed.

> Official: With these rearguards then met the Romans under such convenient circumstances as it was, and many Franks at the forest of Carbonaria with the sword were attacked.

> By means of
> cum: using, by means of
> cum
> cum: with
> With
> these [preparations]
> qui / quibus: who, which
> quibus
> qui / quibus: who, which
> these [rearguards]
> [then] approached [them]
> congredior / congressus: meet, approach
> congressus
> congredior / congressus: meet, approach
> [then] met
> the Roman
> Romanus: Roman
> Romanis
> Romanus: Roman
> the Romans
> actors
> comoedus: comedian, comic actor
> adcomodus
> accomodus: fitting, convenient, suitable to
> [under such] convenient [circumstances]
> [as it] was,
> sum / fuit: be
> fuit
> sum / fuit: be
> [as it] was,
> [and] many
> multus: many
> multis
> multus: many
> [and] many
> Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Francorum
> Francus: Frankish
> Franks
> in the view of [??]
> apud: in the view or sight of, before
> apud
> apud: at, by, among
> at
> duplicated souls [???]
> cor: heart, soul; bino / binare: duplicate
> Carbonariam
> Carbonaria: Carbonaria, charcoal forest
> [the forest of] Carbonaria
> [in this] concealed [way???]
> furtivus / furtivum: furtive, secret, concealed
> ferro
> ferrum: iron, sword
> [with] the sword
> were displayed.
> promo / promptus: bring into view, display on the stage
> perimptis
> per: through; impeto / impetis: attack, assail
> were attacked.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.2.c

### Some Romans disguise as blonde, pious savages, others don’t want to become Franks.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.3.a

> Encrypted: However, the Romans still discussed hotly whether entirely into Franks to be changed they should. And the Nothing-New faction refused, because they feared the Franks could not be governed like this, and in territory of their own it would be in doubt that easily swindled they would be, that much was understood.

> Official: However, the Romans still discussed hotly whether into Frankish territory to cross they should. And Nanninus refused, because he feared the Franks would be not unprepared, and in territory of their own undoubtedly stronger would be, that much was understood.

> However,
> cumque: however
> Cumque
> cumque: however
> However,
> [the Romans still] discussed
> consulto: consult, discuss
> consultaretur
> consulto: consult, discuss
> [the Romans still] discussed
> hotly [??]
> succendo / succensu: set on fire
> succensu
> succendo / succensu: set on fire
> hotly [??]
> whether
> an: whether, either, or
> an
> an: whether, either, or
> whether
> [entirely] into
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> into
> Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Franciam
> Francus: Frankish
> Frankish [territory]
> to be changed
> transeo: be changed into
> transire
> transeo: go over, cross
> to cross
> [they] should.
> debeo: must, should
> deberit
> debeo: must, should
> [they] should.
> [And] the Nothing-New [faction]
> non: not; novus: new
> Nannenus
> Nanninus: Nanninus; Naniemus: Naniemus
> [And] Nanninus
> refused,
> abnueo: refuse, decline, reject
> abnuit
> abnueo: refuse, decline, reject
> refused,
> because [they feared the Franks could]
> quia: because
> quia
> quia: because
> because [he feared the Franks would be]
> not
> non: not
> non
> non: not
> not
> be governed [like this],
> imperito: command, govern; impar: inferior
> inparatus
> imparatus: not prepared, unready
> unprepared,
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> in
> in: in
> in
> in: in
> in
> territory
> locus: locality, place, territory
> locis
> locus: locality, place, territory
> territory
> of their [own]
> suus / suis: his, theirs
> suis
> suus / suis: his, theirs
> of their [own]
> [it would be?] in doubt [???]
> in: in; dubius: dubious, doubtful
> indubiae
> indubius: not doubtful, certain
> undoubtedly
> [that easily] swindled
> fraudo / fraudatis: defraud, cheat
> fortiores
> fortis: strong, powerful
> stronger
> [they] would be,
> futurus: about to be, future
> futurus
> futurus: about to be, future
> would be,
> [that much] was understood.
> scio: know, understand
> sciebat
> scio: know, understand
> [that much] was understood.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.3.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.3.b

> Encrypted: This opinion with the Mocker faction and the rest of the men of their military was displeasing, so the Nothing-New faction to being regular magnates returned, and the Mockers with their performers into having all around them a new kind of defensive dress-up they crossed, as inferiors of golden-haired pious rural communities of appearance worthless, and into such people they changed by deception as a cover.

> Official: This opinion with Quintinus and the rest of the warriors of his military was displeasing, so Nanninus to Mainz returned, and Quintinus with the other troops around Neuss castle the Rhine river they crossed, and on the second day of a riverside march houses that of inhabitants had been emptied, and huge villages that were deserted they encountered.

> This [opinion]
> qui / quod: who, which, that
> Quod
> qui / quod: who, which, that
> This [opinion]
> with
> cum: with
> cum
> cum: with
> with
> the Mocker [faction]
> convitium / convitiis: mockery
> Quintino
> Quintinus / Quintinum: Quintinus
> Quintinus
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> the rest
> reliquus: remaining, surviving
> reliquis
> reliquus: remaining, surviving
> the rest
> of the men
> vir: man, warrior
> viris
> vir: man, warrior
> of the warriors
> of [their] military
> militaris: military, warlike
> militaribus
> militaris: military, warlike
> of [his] military
> was displeasing,
> displiceo: displease
> displicuisset
> displiceo: displease
> was displeasing,
> [so] the Nothing-New [faction??]
> non: no; nomen: name
> Nanneno
> Nanninus: Nanninus
> [so] Nanninus
> [to being regular] magnates
> magnatus / magnatum: magnate, baron
> Mogontiacum
> Mogontiacum: Mainz
> [to] Mainz
> returned,
> reversio: reversing, return
> reverso
> reversio: reversing, return
> returned,
> [and] the Mockers
> convitium / convitiis: mockery
> Quintinus
> Quintinus: Quintinus
> [and] Quintinus
> with
> cum: with
> cum
> cum: with
> with
> [their] performers
> exercens: performer
> exercitu
> exercitus: army, troop, infantry
> [the other] troops
> [into having?] all around [them]
> circa: with, all around
> circa
> circa: around, about
> around
> a new
> novus / novum: new
> Nivisium
> Novaesium: Neuss
> Neuss
> [kind of] defensive
> castellum: shelter, defence, refuge
> castellum
> castellum: castle, fortress
> castle
> dress-up [???]
> orno / ornem: ornament, decorate, dress
> Rhenum
> Rhenus / Rhenum: Rhine
> the Rhine [river]
> [they] crossed,
> transgredior / transgressus: cross
> transgressus
> transgredior / transgressus: cross
> [they] crossed,
> [as?] inferiors
> secundus: secondary, subordinate, inferior
> secundis
> secundus: second
> [and on] the second [day]
> of
> a: from, out of, to, at
> a
> a: from, out of, to, at
> of
> golden-haired [???]
> flavus: golden-haired
> fluvio
> fluvius: river, stream
> a river[side]
> pious [???]
> castus / castior: morally pure, pious, religious
> castris
> castra: camp, day’s march; castro: unman
> march
> rural [communities???]
> casa: cottage, rural property, small farm
> casas
> casa: house
> houses
> of appearance
> habitus: habit, dress, external aspect, appearance
> habitatoribus
> habitator: inhabitant
> [that of] inhabitants
> worthless [???],
> vacuus: void, worthless, unprofitable
> vacuas
> vacuus: vacant, empty
> had been emptied,
> and
> atque: and also
> atque
> atque: and also
> and
> into [such] people
> in: into; gens / gentes: people
> ingentes
> ingens / ingentes: huge, enormous
> huge
> [they] changed
> vicis: turn, change, exchange
> vicos
> vicus: village, hamlet
> villages
> [by] deception
> destituo: delude, deceive, cheat
> distitutos
> destituo: desert, leave, abandon
> [that] were deserted
> [as] a cover.
> offundo: spread over, cover
> offendit
> offendo: come upon, find, encounter
> [they] encountered.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.3.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.4.a

> Encrypted: But to be Franks they really had just simulated by modification, to have themselves into those remote woodland communities received, whom they had adapted themselves to so that by external appearances those masses they could manage.

> Official: But the Franks really had just simulated fear, and had themselves into more remote forests recovered, to which barricades made by the ends of trees they had administered.

> [But to be] Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Franci
> Francus: Frankish
> [But] the Franks
> [they] really
> enim: truly, really
> enim
> enim: truly, really
> really
> had [just] simulated
> simulo: simulate, feign, pretend
> simulatu
> simulo: simulate, feign, pretend
> had [just] simulated
> [by] modification,
> muto / mutatus: mutate, modify, change, exchange, substitute for
> metu
> metus / metu: fear, dread
> fear,
> [to have] themselves
> se: oneself
> se
> se: oneself
> [and had] themselves
> into
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> into
> [those] remote
> remotus: remote, distant, withdrawn
> remotiores
> remotus: remote, distant, withdrawn
> more remote
> woodland [communities]
> saltus: ravine, forest-pasture, woodland
> saltus
> saltus: ravine, forest-pasture, woodland
> forests
> received,
> recipio: receive, accept, admit
> reciperant
> recipero: recover, restore
> recovered,
> [whom they?] had adapted themselves to [??]
> concedo: give way to, adapt one’s self to
> concidibus
> concaedes: barricade of felled trees, abatis
> [to which?] barricades
> [so that?] by
> per: by, by means of
> per
> per: by, by means of
> [made] by
> external [appearances?]
> exter / exterum: external, outer, outward, foreign
> extrema
> extremum: limit, outside, end
> the ends
> [those] masses
> silva: crowded mass
> silvarum
> silva: wood, forest, grove, trees
> of trees
> [they could] manage.
> procuro: manage, administer
> procuratis
> procuro: manage, administer
> [they] had administered.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.4.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.4.b

> Encrypted: And so all the noble houses appeared in that perception to all the ignobles, victory to achieve in this way they reckoned. Any harmful stirring militants, under their new armor’s oppression scheme they would deceive them.

> Official: And so all the empty houses were burned up by the Romans, in that venting of anger, on the whole very uselessly, but the Romans victory to achieve in this way they reckoned. That night, distressed the soldiers under their arms’ heavy burden they passed it.

> And so
> itaque: therefore, and so, in this way
> Itaque
> itaque: therefore, and so, in this way
> And so
> all
> universus: the mass
> universis
> universus: whole, entire, all
> all
> the [noble?] houses
> domus: household, family
> domibus
> domus: house
> the [empty] houses
> appeared
> exsisto / exsistis: exist, appear, emerge, become
> exustis
> exuro / exustis: burn up, destroy by fire
> were burned up [by the Romans],
> in
> in: in
> in
> in: in
> in
> that
> qui / quas: who, what, that
> quas
> qui / quas: who, what, that
> that
> perception
> scio / sciverit: know, perceive
> saevire
> saevio / saevierit: rage, violent, vent anger
> venting of anger,
> [to] all the
> soliditas: solidity, the whole
> soliditas
> soliditas: solidity, the whole
> [on] the whole
> ignobles,
> ignavus: ignoble, cowardly, useless
> ignava
> ignavus: ignoble, cowardly, useless
> [very] uselessly,
> victory
> victoria: victory
> victoriae
> victoria: victory
> [but the Romans] victory
> to achieve [in this way]
> consummatio: consummation, completion, achievement
> consummationem
> consummatio: consummation, completion, achievement
> to achieve [in this way]
> [they] reckoned.
> repono: put in place of, substitute for
> reponebat
> repono: restore, place, reckon
> [they] reckoned.
> [Any] harmful
> noxius: noxious, harmful
> nocte
> nox / noxis: night
> [That] night,
> stirring
> sollicito: stir up, arouse, agitate, incite
> sollicita
> sollicito: disturb, worry, distress
> distressed
> militants,
> miles / militis: soldier
> militis
> miles / militis: soldier
> the soldiers
> under
> sub: under
> sub
> sub: under
> under
> [their new] armor’s
> arma: armor, defence, shield
> armorum
> arma: arms, weaponry
> [their] arms’
> oppression [scheme]
> onero: oppress
> onere
> onero: load, burden
> [heavy] burden
> [they would] deceive [them].
> duco: lead, cheat, deceive
> duxerant
> duco: pass, spend
> [they] passed [it].

> Historia Francorum 2.9.4.b

### Roman actors gather in the woods to prepare hoaxing Frankish mock battles.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.4.c

> Encrypted: Also for the first revelation of this mockery, all beforehand perceived and considered, they would begin in the woods in the center about some appointed day, and would envelop themselves in a deceptive fashion, as if all wandering tribesmen they were.

> Official: Also at the first dawn, by Quintinus to fight being led, they entered the glades in the center about midday, and became involved themselves in a maze of roads, all wandering they were.

> Also
> ac: and also
> Ac
> ac: and also
> Also
> [for] the first
> primus: first
> primo
> primus: first
> [at] the first
> revelation
> delico: reveal, disclose
> diluculo
> diluculum: dawn, daybreak
> dawn,
> [of this] mockery,
> convitium / convitiis: mockery
> Quintino
> Quintinus: Quintinus
> [by] Quintinus
> [all] beforehand perceived
> praeolo: perceive before
> proelii
> proelior: fight
> to fight
> [and] considered,
> duco: think, consider, regard
> duci
> duco: lead, command
> being led,
> [they would] begin
> ingredior: enter, undertake, begin
> ingressi
> ingredior: enter, undertake, begin
> [they] entered
> [in?] the woods
> saltus: ravine, forest-pasture, woodland
> saltus
> saltus: ravine, forest-pasture, woodland
> the glades
> in
> in: in
> in
> in: in
> in
> the center
> medium: medium, middle, center
> medium
> medium: medium, middle, center
> the center
> about
> fere: almost, about, nearly
> fere
> fere: almost, about, nearly
> about
> [some?] appointed day,
> dies: set day, appointed time
> diem
> dies: day
> [mid]day,
> [and would] envelop
> implico: envelop, inwrap, embrace
> inplicantes
> implico: implicate, involve, join
> [and became] involved
> themselves
> se: oneself
> se
> se: oneself
> themselves
> [in] a deceptive
> error: delusion, deception
> erroribus
> error: error, maze
> [in] a maze
> fashion,
> via: method, mode, manner, fashion
> viarum
> via: way, road, street
> of roads,
> [as if?] all
> totus: total, all
> toto
> totus: total, all
> all
> wandering [tribesmen??]
> pervagor: pervade, extend, wander through
> pervagati
> pervagor: pervade, extend, wander through
> wandering
> [they] were.
> sum / sunt: be
> sunt
> sum / sunt: be
> [they] were.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.4.c

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.5.a

> Encrypted: Finally, into such people having clothed themselves, in all respects by these means being densely enclosed and covered, then into a modeled battlefield that to the woods was connected, to make an appearance there they would start.

> Official: Finally, huge fences everything with them being densely enclosed they encountered, then into the marshy plains that to the woods were connected, to rush there they attempted.

> Finally,
> tandem: finally, at last
> Tandem
> tandem: finally, at last
> Finally,
> cum: with
> cum
> cum: with
> into [such] people
> in: into; gens / gentibus: people
> ingentibus
> ingens / ingentibus: huge, enormous
> huge
> having clothed [themselves?],
> saepio: envelop, clothe, cover, protect
> saeptis
> saepio: fence in, enclose, surround
> fences
> in all respects
> omnia: in all respects
> omnia
> omnia: everything
> everything
> by [these] means
> a: by means of
> a
> a: by, from, to, with
> with [them]
> [being] densely
> solidus: solid, dense
> solido
> solidus: solid, dense
> [being] densely
> enclosed
> claudo: close, enclose, besiege, confine
> clausa
> claudo: close, enclose, besiege, confine
> enclosed
> [and] covered,
> offundo: spread over, cover
> offendissent
> offendo: come upon, find, encounter
> [they] encountered,
> [then] into
> in: in
> in
> in: in
> [then] into
> a modeled [??]
> plastrum: plaster; plastes: modeller, moulder
> palustres
> paluster: marshy; palus: swamp, marsh
> the marshy
> battlefield [???]
> campus: open space for battle, battlefield
> campus
> campus: campus, plain
> plains
> that
> qui: who, what, that
> qui
> qui: who, what, that
> that
> [to] the woods
> silva: wood, forest, grove, trees
> silvis
> silva: wood, forest, grove, trees
> [to] the woods
> was connected,
> iungo / iungebantur: join, unite, connect
> iungebantur
> iungo / iungebantur: join, unite, connect
> were connected,
> to make an appearance [there]
> prorumpo: make an appearance
> prorumpere
> prorumpo: rush forth, break out
> to rush [there]
> [they would] start.
> molior: start, begin, attempt
> molientibus
> molior: start, begin, attempt
> [they] attempted.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.5.a

### Roman actors play-enact injured Franks, smeared with paint to appear mortally wounded.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.5.b

> Encrypted: Of their actors a few would appear, who were enacting barbarians who were mutilated, or pretend to be survivors, and as if from sharp terrible wounds they were in pain, in this manner they were brought forth.

> Official: Of the hostiles a few then appeared, who on connected tree trunks or barricades stood, and as if from the top of a citadel arrows from engines, in this manner they shot.

> Of [their] actors
> histrio / histrionum: stage-player, actor
> hostium
> hostis: hostile, stranger, foreigner, enemy
> Of the hostiles
> a few
> rarus / rare: rare, few
> rare
> rarus / rare: rare, few
> a few
> [would] appear,
> appareo: appear, visible
> apparuere
> appareo: appear, visible
> [then] appeared,
> who
> qui: who, what, that
> qui
> qui: who, what, that
> who
> were enacting
> con-: with; ago / acti: act, play, perform
> coniuncti
> con-: with; iungo / iuncti: join, connect
> [on] connected
> barbarians
> barbarus / barbarum: barbaric, savage, hostile
> arborum
> arbor / arborum: tree, tree trunk
> tree
> [who] were mutilated,
> truncus: maimed, mutilated
> truncis
> truncus: trunk of a tree
> trunks
> or
> vel: or, even
> vel
> vel: or, even
> or
> pretend
> concido: deceive, cheat, defraud
> concidibus
> concaedes: barricade of felled trees, abatis
> barricades
> to be survivors,
> superstes: surviving, outliving
> superstantes
> supersto: stand on top, stand over
> stood,
> [and] as if
> velut: just as, as if
> velut
> velut: just as, as if
> [and] as if
> from
> ex / e: out of, from
> e
> ex / e: out of, from
> from
> sharp [???]
> fastigium: sharp point; fastidium: scornful contempt
> fastigiis
> fastigium: peak, summit, top
> the top
> terrible [???]
> terror / terroris: terror
> turrium
> turris: tower, citadel
> of a citadel
> wounds [???]
> saucio / sauciatus: wound, hurt, gash, stab
> sagittas
> sagitta: arrow
> arrows
> [they were in] pain [???],
> tormentum: torment, torture, pain
> turmentorum
> tormentum: windlass, engine for hurling stones, missile
> [from?] engines,
> [in this] manner
> ritus: rite, custom, way, manner
> ritu
> ritus: rite, custom, way, manner
> [in this] manner
> [they] were brought forth.
> effundo: bring forth, let go, dismiss
> effudere
> effundo: discharge, emit, shower, volley
> [they] shot.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.5.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.5.c

> Encrypted: They were smeared over with herbs of dyeing color, so that on the top of the skin, on any usually not death inflicting places, such wounds as they would be otherwise, now seemed so dangerous that as deadly they would be observed.

> Official: Those were smeared over with herbs of poison, so that even on the top of the skin, on usually not death inflicting places, such wounds as they would be otherwise, were now so dangerous that death would follow.

> [They] were smeared over
> inlino / inlitus: smear over, anoint
> inlitas
> inlino / inlitus: smear over, anoint
> [Those] were smeared over
> [with] herbs
> herba: herb, grass
> herbarum
> herba: herb, grass
> [with] herbs
> of dyeing color,
> venenum: color, dye, paint
> venenis
> venenum: venom, poison
> of poison,
> so that
> ut: to, in order that
> ut
> ut: to, in order that
> so that
> [on] the top
> summus: highest, top
> summe
> summus: highest, top
> [even on] the top
> of the skin,
> cutis: skin
> cutis
> cutis: skin
> of the skin,
> [on any usually] not
> neque: nor, and not
> neque
> neque: nor, and not
> [on usually] not
> death
> letalis: lethal, deadly
> letalibuse
> letalis: lethal, deadly
> death
> inflicting
> inflecto: change, alter
> inflicta
> infligo / inflictus: inflict, impose
> inflicting
> places,
> locus: locality, place
> locis
> locus: locality, place
> places,
> [such] wounds
> vulnero: wound, injure
> vulnera
> vulnero: wound, injure
> [such] wounds
> [as they would be] otherwise,
> aut: or, otherwise
> aut
> aut: or, otherwise
> [as they would be] otherwise,
> [now seemed so] dangerous
> dubius: dubious, dangerous, critical
> dubiae
> dubius: dubious, dangerous, critical
> [were now so] dangerous
> [that as?] deadly
> mors / mortis: death
> mortis
> mors / mortis: death
> [that] death
> [they would] be observed.
> sequor: obey, observe, spread over
> sequerentur
> sequor: follow, ensue
> [would] follow.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.5.c

### Roman actors run into the open field and stage their mock-battles.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.6.a

> Encrypted: Then, into great crowds of actors crowded were these performers, and into the open plains that were free to be seen by the Franks they left, eagerly spilling the false blood they were.

> Official: Then, by ever greater crowds of hostiles crowded were the troops, and into the open plains that were free of the Franks they left, eagerly pouring out they were.

> Then,
> dehinc: then, after that
> Dehinc
> dehinc: then, after that
> Then,
> [into?] great
> magnus / maior: great, vast
> maiore
> magnus / maior: great, vast
> [by ever] greater
> crowds
> multitudo: multitude, crowd
> multitudine
> multitudo: multitude, crowd
> crowds
> of actors
> histrio / histrionum: stage-player, actor
> hostium
> hostis / hostium: hostile, stranger, foreigner, enemy
> of hostiles
> crowded
> circumfundo: crowd around
> circumfusus
> circumfundo: crowd around
> crowded
> [were these] performers,
> exercens: performer
> exercitus
> exercitus: army, troop, infantry
> [were] the troops,
> [and] into
> in: into
> in
> in: into
> [and] into
> the open
> apertus: open, public, exposed
> aperta
> apertus: open, public, exposed
> the open
> plains
> campus: campus, plain
> camporum
> campus: campus, plain
> plains
> that
> qui / quae: who, what, that
> quae
> qui / quae: who, what, that
> that
> were free [to be seen?]
> libero: liberate, free
> libera
> libero: liberate, free
> were free
> [by?] the Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Franci
> Francus: Frankish
> of the Franks
> [they] left,
> relinquo: leave behind, abandon
> reliquerant
> relinquo: leave behind, abandon
> [they] left,
> eagerly
> avide: eagerly, impatiently
> avide
> avide: eagerly, impatiently
> eagerly
> spilling [the false?] blood
> affundo: spill blood
> effusus
> effundo: discharge, pour out
> pouring out
> [they] were.
> sum / est: be
> est
> sum / est: be
> [they] were.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.6.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.6.b

> Encrypted: And then to be killed in likeness they actually could insinuate, so confounding were the persons and imitations of the bodies, falling down by taking turns in their concealments they were.

> Official: And then at first the horsemen in water holes became immersed, so mixed together were of men and beasts the bodies, destroying each other mutually with their pressure they were.

> And [then]
> ac: and also
> Ac
> ac: and also
> And [then]
> to be killed [???]
> perimo / perimis: kill, slay
> primi
> primus: first
> at first
> [in] likeness
> aequus: equal, like
> equites
> eques: horseman, cavalryman; equus: horse
> the horsemen
> [they] actually [???]
> vere: really, truly, actually; -ago: (suffix)
> voraginibus
> vorago: deep hole; voro: swallow up; -ago: (suffix)
> [in] water holes
> [could] insinuate,
> immergo: insinuate
> inmersi
> immergo: immerse, dip
> [became] immersed,
> [so] confounding
> permisceo: confound
> permixtis
> permisceo: mix together
> [so] mixed together
> [were] the persons
> homo: person
> hominum
> homo: man
> [were] of men
> and imitations
> imitamentum: imitating, imitation; -que: and
> iumentorumque
> iumentum: beast of burden, horse, mule; -que: and
> and beasts
> of the bodies,
> corpus: body, person, self
> corporibus
> corpus: body, person, self
> the bodies,
> falling down
> ruina: collapse, falling down
> ruinam
> ruina: ruin, destruction
> destroying
> by [taking] turns
> invicem: in turn, by turns, one after another
> invicem
> invicem: mutually
> [each other] mutually
> [in] their
> suus / suorum: his, theirs
> suorum
> suus / suorum: his, theirs
> [with] their
> concealments
> opprimo / oppressus: oppress, suppress, hide, conceal
> oppraessi
> opprimo / oppressus: press down, crush
> pressure
> [they] were.
> sum / sunt: be
> sunt
> sum / sunt: be
> [they] were.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.6.b

### Real, undisguised Roman soldiers play the enemy in mock-battles, but must disappear quickly.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.6.c

> Encrypted: Real Roman foot soldiers also, of whom none were covered in such likeness and scorn, also joined the oblique act, but without displaying any advance, so they would soon turn back themselves, to that place that just a little before only just they had emerged from, and in the forest obscurely they hid themselves.

> Official: The Roman foot soldiers also, of whom none were pressed on by the horses and crushed, still became entangled in the mud, and lacked the strength to disentangle their steps, so they would soon turn back themselves, to that place that just a little before only just they had emerged from, and in the forest panicking they hid themselves.

> [Real Roman???] foot soldiers
> pedes: pedestrian, foot soldier, infantryman
> Pedites
> pedes: pedestrian, foot soldier, infantryman
> The [Roman] foot soldiers
> also,
> etiam: and also, even now
> etiam
> etiam: and also, even now
> also,
> of whom
> qui / quos: who, what, that
> quos
> qui / quos: who, what, that
> of whom
> none
> nullus: no, none
> nulla
> nullus: no, none
> none
> were covered
> onero: cover
> onera
> onero: load, burden, oppress
> were pressed on
> [in such] likeness
> aequus: equal, like
> equorum
> equus: horse
> [by] the horses
> [and] scorn,
> calco: scorn, spurn, despise, abuse
> calcaverant
> calco: crush, trample upon
> [and] crushed,
> [also] joined
> implico: implicate, involve, join
> inplicati
> implico: engage, entangle
> [still became] entangled
> the oblique [act],
> limus: oblique
> limo
> limus: mud, mire, slime
> [in] the mud,
> [but] without
> egeo / egere: lack, want, without
> egre
> egeo / egere: lack, want, without
> [and] lacked
> displaying
> explico: set forth, display, exhibit
> explecantes
> explico: explain, unfold, disentangle
> [the strength] to disentangle
> [any] advance,
> gradior / gressus: go, walk, step, advance
> gressum
> gradior / gressus: go, walk, step, advance
> [their] steps,
> [so they would soon] turn back
> rursus: in turn, again
> rursus
> rursus: turned back, backward
> [so they would soon] turn back
> themselves,
> se: himself
> se
> se: himself
> themselves,
> [to] that [place that]
> qui: who, what, that
> qui
> qui: who, what, that
> [to] that [place that]
> [just] a little
> paulo: little, somewhat
> paulo
> paulo: little, somewhat
> [just] a little
> before
> ante: before
> ante
> ante: before
> before
> only just
> vix: hardly, barely, only just
> vix
> vix: hardly, barely, only just
> only just
> [they] had emerged [from],
> emergo: emerge, appear, arrive
> emerserant
> emergo: emerge, appear, arrive
> [they] had emerged [from],
> [and in] the forest
> silva: wood, forest, grove, trees
> silvis
> silva: wood, forest, grove, trees
> [and in] the forest
> obscurely
> turbido: obscure, make confusion
> trepidantes
> trepidans: trembling, anxious, panicking
> panicking
> they hid [themselves].
> occulo: cover, hide, conceal
> occulebant
> occulo: cover, hide, conceal
> they hid [themselves].

> Historia Francorum 2.9.6.c

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.7.a

> Encrypted: Confusing therefore was the mockery, as the slaughter was a joke.

> Official: Confused therefore were the ranks, and slaughtered were the legions.

> Confusing
> perturbo / perturbatus: confuse
> Perturbatis
> perturbo / perturbatus: confuse
> Confused
> therefore
> ergo: therefore
> ergo
> ergo: therefore
> therefore
> [was] the mockery,
> irrideo: ridicule, mock
> ordinibus
> ordo: order, rank, row
> [were] the ranks,
> [as] the slaughter
> caedo: cut down, murder, slaughter
> caesae
> caedo: cut down, murder, slaughter
> and slaughtered
> [was] a joke.
> logos / logis: word, joke, jest
> legionis
> legio / legionis: legion, army
> [were] the legions.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.7.a

### Most actors playing Franks need to be locals.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.7.b

> Encrypted: The disguised master, who was of the assistants the commander, and also almost all others who in the army of actors were present, had to be foreigners. Only a few real Romans could escape notice in a totally harmful environment, and by hiding in the crowds of the show.

> Official: Heraclius, who was of the Jovinians the commander, and also almost all others who the soldiers commanded, were killed. Only a few Romans escaped in the totally dark night, and used hiding-places that the forest offered.

> The disguised master,
> herus / hero: master; celo / celas: hide, disguise
> Heraclio
> Heraclius: Heraclius
> Heraclius,
> [who was] of the assistants
> iuvo / iuves: help, assist
> Iovinianorum
> Iovis: Jupiter
> [who was] of the Jovinians
> the commander,
> tribunus: tribune, commander
> tribuno
> tribunus: tribune, commander
> the commander,
> and also
> ac: and also
> ac
> ac: and also
> and also
> almost
> paene: mostly, almost
> paene
> paene: mostly, almost
> almost
> all [others]
> omnis: each, every
> omnibus
> omnis: each, every
> all [others]
> who
> qui: who, what, that
> qui
> qui: who, what, that
> who
> [in?] the army [of actors?]
> miles / militis: soldier, army
> militibus
> miles / militis: soldier, army
> the soldiers
> were present,
> praesum: present, in person
> praeerant
> praesum: be before, have command
> commanded,
> [had to be?] foreigners [?].
> exoticus: exotic, foreign
> extinctis
> extinguo / extinctus: extinguish, kill, destroy
> were killed.
> [Only] a few [real Romans]
> paucus: little, few
> paucis
> paucus: little, few
> [Only] a few [Romans]
> [could] escape notice
> effugio: escape notice
> effugium
> effugio: flee, escape
> escaped
> [in a] totally
> totus: total, all
> totum
> totus: total, all
> [in the] totally [dark]
> harmful [environment??],
> noxius: noxious, harmful
> nox
> nox: night
> night,
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> [by] hiding
> latibulum: hiding-place; lateo: hide
> latibula
> latibulum: hiding-place; lateo: hide
> [used?] hiding-places
> [in] the crowds
> silva: crowded mass
> silvarum
> silva: wood, forest, grove, trees
> [that] the forest
> of the show.
> praesto: exhibit, present, show
> praestiterunt
> praesto: at hand, offer
> offered.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.7.b

### The world-governors order full war on the Franks, unless it can be hoaxed on a large scale.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.7.b

> Encrypted: This is how in the third history book by Sepulcius it is told. In the fourth, however, that book, when about the destroyed victory, the child of maximal tyranny, he narrates, he then speaks thus: At that time, Being-Prepared and Being-Serious about it in the place of Nothing-New were substituted in Germania, with special exercises to oppose the Frankish hostiliy.

> Official: This is how in the third history book by Sepulcius it is told. In the fourth, however, that book, when about the killing of Victor, the son of Maximus the tyrant, he narrates, he then speaks thus: At that time, Carietto and Syrus in the place of Nanninus were substituted in Germania, with an army to oppose the Frankish hostiliy.

> This [is how]
> hic / haec: this, here
> Haec
> hic / haec: this, here
> This [is how]
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> the third
> tertius: third
> tertio
> tertius: third
> the third
> history
> historia: history
> Historiae
> historia: history
> history
> book [by Sepulcius]
> liber: book
> libro
> liber: book
> book [by Sepulcius]
> [it] is told.
> narro: narrate, tell
> narravit
> narro: narrate, tell
> [it] is told.
> In
> in: in, into
> In
> in: in, into
> In
> the fourth,
> quartus: fourth
> quarto
> quartus: fourth
> the fourth,
> however,
> vero: however
> vero
> vero: however
> however,
> [that] book,
> liber: book
> libro
> liber: book
> [that] book,
> when
> cum: with, when
> cum
> cum: with, when
> when
> about
> de: of, from, about
> de
> de: of, from, about
> about
> the destroyed
> interficio: kill, destroy
> interfectione
> interficio: kill, destroy
> the killing
> victory,
> vicarius: vicarious, substituted
> Victuris
> Victor: Victor; vinco / victus: succeed
> of Victor,
> the child
> fallo / falsus: deceive, cheat; falsus: false
> fili
> filius: son
> the son
> of maximal
> Maximus: Maximus
> Maximi
> Maximus: Maximus
> of Maximus
> tyranny,
> tyrannus: tyrant, monarch
> tyranni
> tyrannus: tyrant, monarch
> the tyrant,
> [he] narrates,
> narro: narrate, tell
> narraret
> narro: narrate, tell
> [he] narrates,
> [he then] speaks [thus]:
> aio: say, speak
> ait
> aio: say, speak
> [he then] speaks [thus]:
> At that
> eo: there, to that point
> Eo
> eo: there, to that point
> At that
> time,
> tempus: time
> tempore
> tempus: time
> time,
> Being-Prepared
> curatus / curata: carefully prepared, earnest
> Carietto
> Carietto: Carietto
> Carietto
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> Being-Serious [about it]
> serius: serious, grave
> Sirus
> Syrus: Syrian
> Syrus
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> the place
> locus: locality, place, territory
> locum
> locus: locality, place, territory
> the place
> of Nothing-New
> non: not; novus: new
> Nanneni
> Nanninus: Nanninus; Naniemus: Naniemus
> of Nanninus
> were substituted
> subrogo: substitute
> subrogati
> subrogo: substitute
> were substituted
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> Germania,
> Germania: Germania
> Germania
> Germania: Germania
> Germania,
> with
> cum: with, when
> cum
> cum: with, when
> with
> [special] exercises
> exerceo: exercise, train, practice, administer
> exercitu
> exercitus: army, troop, infantry
> an army
> to oppose
> oppono / oppositus: oppose
> opposito
> oppono / oppositus: oppose
> to oppose
> the Frankish
> Francus: Frankish
> Francis
> Francus: Frankish
> the Frankish
> hostiliy.
> diversus: diverse, hostile
> diversabantur
> diversus: diverse, hostile
> hostiliy.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.7.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.8.a

> Encrypted: And after that a little into the book, when it is about the time when of the Franks of Germania a false appearance had been shown, he adds: Not did the World-Governors want to delay the violence.

> Official: And after that a little into the book, when it is about the time when the Franks of Germania the plunder carried away, he adds: Not did Arbogast want to delay the violence.

> And
> et: and
> Et
> et: and
> And
> after [that]
> post: after
> post
> post: after
> after [that]
> a little [into the book],
> paucus: little, few
> pauca
> paucus: little, few
> a little [into the book],
> when [it is about the time?]
> cum: with, when
> cum
> cum: with, when
> when [it is about the time?]
> [when] of the Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Franci
> Francus: Frankish
> [when] the Franks
> of
> de: of, from, about
> de
> de: of, from, about
> of
> Germania
> Germania: Germania
> Germania
> Germania: Germania
> Germania
> a [false] appearance
> prodeo: come forth, appear
> praedas
> praedo: pillage, plunder
> the plunder
> had been shown,
> fero / tulio: show, exhibit, present
> tulissent
> fero / tulio: bear, carry, support
> carried [away],
> [he] adds:
> adicio: add, increase, raise
> adiecit
> adicio: add, increase, raise
> [he] adds:
> Not [did]
> nihil: nothing
> Nihil
> nihil: nothing
> Not [did]
> the World-Governors [???]
> orbis / orbe: world; gero / gestus: manage, govern
> Arbogastis
> Arbogastus: Arbogast
> Arbogast
> [want to] delay
> differo: differ, defer, delay
> differre
> differo: differ, defer, delay
> [want to] delay
> the violence.
> valens: strong, powerful, effective
> volens
> violens: violent
> the violence.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.8.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.8.b

> Encrypted: They reminded their pretender on the throne that actual punishment he should deal to the Franks who should be driven out, unless the whole show, that in the last year when the slaughter of the Roman legions they had invented, immediately they would set up again, and the play-enacting of a war they could believably narrate, under which the veiling of a subduing by falsehood could be set up.

> Official: He reminded the emperor on the throne that punishment he should deal to the Franks who should be driven out, unless the whole plunder, that in the last year when they cut down the Roman legions they had stolen, immediately they would give back, and the originators of the war they would hand over, under whom the violation of peace this treachery had been set up.

> [They] reminded
> commoneo: remind, warn
> conmonet
> commoneo: remind, warn
> [He] reminded
> [their] pretender [on the throne]
> causor: make a pretext of, pretend
> caesarem
> Caesar: emperor
> the emperor [on the throne]
> [that actual???] punishment
> poenio: punish
> poenas
> poenio: punish
> [that] punishment
> [he] should [deal?]
> debeo: ought, must, should
> debetas
> debeo: ought, must, should
> [he] should [deal?]
> to
> a: from, to
> a
> a: from, to
> to
> the Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Francis
> Francus: Frankish
> the Franks
> [who should] be driven out,
> exagito: harass, disturb
> exigendas
> exigo / exigendus: drive out, expel
> [who should] be driven out,
> unless
> nisi: if not, unless, except
> nisi
> nisi: if not, unless, except
> unless
> the whole [show],
> universus: whole, entire
> universa
> universus: whole, entire
> the whole [plunder],
> that
> qui / quae: who, what, that
> quae
> qui / quae: who, what, that
> that
> [in] the last
> superus: above, last
> superiore
> superus: above, last
> [in] the last
> year
> inanis: inane, foolish
> anno
> annus: year
> year
> [when] the slaughter
> caedo: cut down, murder, slaughter
> caesis
> caedo: cut down, murder, slaughter
> [when they] cut down
> of the [Roman] legions
> legio: legion, army
> legionibus
> legio: legion, army
> the [Roman] legions
> [they] had invented [???],
> de: of; reperio: find, invent
> diripuerant
> de: of; rapio: snatch, steal
> [they] had stolen,
> immediately
> confestim: immediately
> confestim
> confestim: immediately
> immediately
> [they would] set up again [??],
> restituo: bring back, set up again
> restituerent
> restituo: restore, give back
> [they would] give back,
> and the play-enacting
> actor: actor, performer, player; -que: and
> auctorisque
> auctor: originator, proposer; -que: and
> and the originators
> of a war
> bellum: war, warfare, battle
> belli
> bellum: war, warfare, battle
> of the war
> [they could believably] narrate,
> trado: propose, narrate, entrust
> traderent
> trado: betray, surrender, hand over
> [they would] hand over,
> under
> in: in, into, under
> in
> in: in, into, under
> under
> which
> qui / quos: who, what, that
> quos
> qui / quos: who, what, that
> whom
> the veiling
> velum: veil, covering
> violatae
> violo: violate
> the violation
> of a subduing
> paco / paces: pacify, subdue
> pacis
> pax / pacis: peace
> of peace
> [by] falsehood
> perfidia: falsehood
> perfidia
> perfidia: perfidy, treachery
> [this] treachery
> [could] be set up.
> pono: put, place, set up
> poneretur
> pono: put, place, set up
> had been set up.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.8.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.9.a

> Encrypted: Here these performance acts would have to happen when their own rulers were there, the author says, and thereafter he says: After that days later a few, with the dressed-up nobles and those without public name as Frankish kings, they transacted quickly a show, and assembled out of local fashion covers, to be kind to the tribes they pretended.

> Official: Here these deeds happened when their own rulers were there, the author says, and thereafter he says: After that days later a few, with Marcomer and Sunno the Frankish kings, they transacted quickly a parley, and commanded out of custom hostages, to pass the winter in Trier he departed.

> Here
> hic / haec: this, here
> Haec
> hic / haec: this, here
> Here
> [these] performance acts
> actus: act, performance
> acta
> actus: action, deed
> [these] deeds
> [would have to happen??] when
> cum: with, when
> cum
> cum: with, when
> [happened] when
> [their own] rulers
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> duces
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> [their own] rulers
> were [there],
> sum / essent: be
> essent
> sum / essent: be
> were [there],
> [the author] says,
> refero / retuli: refer, relate, say
> retulit
> refero / retuli: refer, relate, say
> [the author] says,
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> thereafter
> deinceps: thereafter
> deinceps
> deinceps: thereafter
> thereafter
> [he] says:
> aio: say, speak
> ait
> aio: say, speak
> [he] says:
> After [that]
> post: after
> Post
> post: after
> After [that]
> days [later]
> dies: day
> dies
> dies: day
> days [later]
> a few,
> pauculus: little, few
> paucolus
> pauculus: little, few
> a few,
> [with] the dressed-up nobles [??]
> mas / maria: man, noble; como / comere: arrange, adorn, dress
> Marcomere
> Marcomer: Marcomer
> [with] Marcomer
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> [those] without [public] name
> sine: without; nomen: name
> Sunnone
> Sunno / Sunnone: Sunno
> Sunno
> [as??] Frankish
> Francus: Frankish
> Francorum
> Francus: Frankish
> the Frankish
> kings,
> regalis: regal, royal
> regalibus
> regalis: regal, royal
> kings,
> [they] transacted
> transigo / transacto: finish, settle, perform
> transacto
> transigo / transacto: transact, bargain
> [they] transacted
> quickly
> cursim: quickly
> cursim
> cursim: quickly
> quickly
> a show,
> con-: with; loquor: declare, show
> conloquio
> colloquium: conversation, parley; con-: with; loquor: speak
> a parley,
> and assembled
> impero: assemble, summon; -que: and
> imperatisque
> impero: command, order; -que: and
> and commanded
> out of
> ex: from, out of
> ex
> ex: from, out of
> out of
> [local] fashion
> mos: fashion
> more
> mos: manner, custom
> custom
> covers,
> oppassum: covering, envelop
> obsidibus
> obses / obsidibus: security, hostage
> hostages,
> to
> ad: at, to
> ad
> ad: at, to
> to
> be kind
> humanus: humane, kind
> hiemandum
> hiemo: pass the winter
> pass the winter
> [to] the tribes
> tribuarius: relating to a tribe
> Treverus
> Treveri / Treverus: Treveri
> [in] Trier
> [they] pretended.
> concido: deceive, cheat, defraud
> concessit
> concedo: concede, give up, depart
> [he] departed.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.9.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.9.b

> Encrypted: When, however, them “kings” he calls, we do not know whether actual kings they had been made already, or whether in exchange for real kings they had veiled themselves.

> Official: When, however, them “kings” he calls, we do not know whether actual kings they were, or whether in exchange for real kings they had royal power.

> When,
> cum: with, when
> Cum
> cum: with, when
> When,
> however,
> autem: however
> autem
> autem: however
> however,
> them
> is / eos: he, she, it
> eos
> is / eos: he, she, it
> them
> “kings”
> regalis: regal, royal
> regales
> regalis: regal, royal
> “kings”
> [he] calls,
> voco: call
> vocet
> voco: call
> [he] calls,
> [we do] not know
> nescio: not know
> nescimus
> nescio: not know
> [we do] not know
> whether
> utrum: whether
> utrum
> utrum: whether
> whether
> [actual] kings
> rex: king, ruler
> reges
> rex: king, ruler
> [actual] kings
> [they] had been [made already??],
> sum / fuerint: be
> fuerint
> sum / fuerint: be
> [they] were,
> or whether
> an: whether
> an
> an: whether
> or whether
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> exchange [for real kings??]
> vicis: turn, change, exchange
> vices
> vicis: turn, change, exchange
> exchange [for real kings??]
> [they] had
> teneo: have, hold
> tenuerunt
> teneo: have, hold
> [they] had
> veiled [themselves].
> ricinium: small head-veil
> regnum
> regnum: royal power, kingdom
> royal power.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.9.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.10.a

> Encrypted: In the same passage still, that writer, when the difficulties of veiling the august Roman rulers he remembers, there he adds:

> Official: In the same passage still, that writer, when the difficulties of emperor Valentian the august he remembers, there he adds:

> [In] the same [passage]
> idem: same
> Idem
> idem: same
> [In] the same [passage]
> still,
> tamen: however, yet, still
> tamen
> tamen: however, yet, still
> still,
> [that] writer,
> scriptor: scribe, author
> scriptor
> scriptor: scribe, author
> [that] writer,
> when
> cum: with, when
> cum
> cum: with, when
> when
> the difficulties
> necessitas: necessity, difficult straits
> necessitates
> necessitas: necessity, difficult straits
> the difficulties
> of veiling
> velo / velanto: veil, conceal, cover
> Valentiniani
> Valentinianus: Valentinian
> of [emperor] Valentian
> the august [Roman rulers]
> augustus: august, dignified, majestic
> agusti
> augustus: august, dignified, majestic
> the august
> [he] remembers,
> commemoro: remember
> commemorat
> commemoro: remember
> [he] remembers,
> there
> hic / haec: this, here
> haec
> hic / haec: this, here
> there
> [he] adds:
> adiungo: join, add
> adiungit
> adiungo: join, add
> [he] adds:

> Historia Francorum 2.9.10.a

### Actors & leaders are dressed up as Franks in complete secrecy.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.10.b

> Encrypted: While diverse things were in this decoration to be considered, such as clothing in helmets the comedy actors who were commoners to be confused with Franks: Secretly in views that were deceptive disguises were hung over them, the leaders were veiled as being almost below the rank of a private person as far as concerning their manners reduced.

> Official: While things were diverse events in the east in Thrace, meanwhile was carried in Gaul the situation public into confusion: After he had been locked up near Vienna in his palace’s rooms, emperor Valentinianus was almost below the rank of a private person as far as concerning his limitations reduced.

> While
> dum: while, until
> Dum
> dum: while, until
> While
> diverse [things were??]
> diversus: diverse, hostile
> diversa
> diversus: diverse, hostile
> [things were??] diverse [events??]
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> [this] decoration
> orno / ornent: ornament, decorate, adorn
> Oriente
> oriens / oriente: dawn, sunrise, east
> the east
> [to]
> per: by, through
> per
> per: by, through
> [in]
> be considered,
> theoricus: theoretical, considering
> Thracias
> thracius: Thracian
> Thrace,
> [such as?] clothing
> gero: wear
> geruntur
> gero: carry, bear
> [meanwhile??] was carried
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> helmets [???]
> galea: helmet
> Gallia
> Gallia: Gaul
> Gaul
> the comedy actors [???]
> statarius: actors in the comoedia stataria
> status
> status: status, situation, position
> the situation
> [who were?] commoners
> publicus: public, common, of the people
> publicus
> publicus: public, common, of the people
> public
> to be confused [with Franks??]:
> perturbo: perturb, disturb, confuse
> perturbabatur
> perturbo: perturb, disturb, confuse
> [into] confusion:
> Secretly
> collusio: collusion, secret, deceptive understanding
> Clauso
> claudo / clauso: close, lock
> [After he] had been locked up
> in views
> apud: in the view of
> apud
> apud: near, at
> near
> [that] were deceptive
> vanus / vanam: vain, false, deceptive
> Viennam
> Vienna / Viennam: Vienna
> Vienna
> disguises
> pallio / palliatum: palliate, disguise
> palatii
> palatium: palace
> [in his] palace’s
> were hung over [them],
> adhereo / adhesi: adhere, attached, stick, hang on
> aedibus
> aedis: house, apartment
> rooms,
> the leaders
> princeps: leader, first man
> principe
> princeps: leader, first man
> emperor
> were veiled
> velo / velanto: veil, conceal, cover
> Valentiniano
> Valentinianus: Valentinian
> Valentinianus
> [as being] almost
> paene: almost
> paene
> paene: almost
> [was] almost
> below
> infra: below, underneath
> infra
> infra: below, underneath
> below
> [the rank] of a private [person]
> privatus: private
> privati
> privatus: private
> [the rank] of a private [person]
> [as far as concerning their] manners
> modus: way, manner
> modum
> modus: measure, limit
> [as far as concerning his] limitations [??]
> reduced.
> redigo: bring back, call in
> redacto
> redigo: bring back, call in
> reduced.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.10.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.10.c

> Encrypted: The military event appearance was to visibly Frankish followers transferred, and of these civil people also the paint-up was transitioned into the mockery of the world governors.

> Official: The military affairs administration was to Frankish attendants transferred, and of civil affairs also the office was passed over to those sworn in with Arbogast.

> The military
> militaris: military
> militaris
> militaris: military
> The military
> event
> res: event, business
> rei
> res: thing, affair
> affairs
> appearance [???]
> corior: appear, arise
> cura
> cura: care, office, administration
> administration
> [was to visibly?] Frankish
> Francus: Frankish
> Francis
> Francus: Frankish
> [was to?] Frankish
> followers
> satelles: attendant, courtier, follower
> satellitibus
> satelles: attendant, courtier, follower
> attendants
> transferred,
> trado: hand over
> tradita
> trado: hand over
> transferred,
> [and of these] civil [people]
> civilis: civil, public
> civilia
> civilis: civil, public
> [and of] civil [affairs]
> also
> quoque: also
> quoque
> quoque: also
> also
> the paint-up
> offucia: paint, deceit, trick
> officia
> officium: office, duty
> the office
> was transitioned
> transgressio: transition
> transgressa
> transgredior: cross, go across, pass over
> was passed over
> into
> in: in, to
> in
> in: in, to
> to
> the mockery [??]
> con-: with; irrideo: ridicule, mock
> coniurationem
> con-: with; iuratio: swearing, oath
> [those] sworn in with
> of the world governors.
> orbis / orbe: world; gero / gestus: manage, govern
> Arbogastis
> Arbogastus: Arbogast
> Arbogast.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.10.c

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.10.d

> Encrypted: And no one from all those who had an oath in the military sworn could be found, who to the slaves the original words or commands would yield, and risk the whole plan.

> Official: And no one from all those who had an oath in the military sworn could be found any more, who even in intimacy to the emperor’s words or his commands would obey, and risk to defy Arbogast.

> And no one
> nullus: no, none; -que: and
> nullusque
> nullus: no, none; -que: and
> And no one
> from
> ex: from
> ex
> ex: from
> from
> all
> omnis: each, every
> omnibus
> omnis: each, every
> all
> [those who] had an oath
> sacramentum: sacrament, oath of allegiance
> sacramentis
> sacramentum: sacrament, oath of allegiance
> [those who] had an oath
> [in] the military
> militaris: military
> militiae
> militaris: military
> [in] the military
> sworn
> obstruo / obstructus: obstruct
> obstrictis
> obstringo: oblige, involve, bind by oath
> sworn
> [could] be found,
> reperio: find, learn
> repperiebatur
> reperio: find, learn
> [could] be found [any more],
> who
> qui: who
> qui
> qui: who
> who
> [to?] the slaves
> famularis: of slaves, servile
> familiari
> familiaris: familiar, intimate
> [even in] intimacy
> the original
> principialis: original
> principis
> princeps: leader, prince, emperor
> to the emperor’s
> words
> sermo: speech, talk, word
> sermoni
> sermo: speech, talk, word
> words
> or
> aut: or
> aut
> aut: or
> or
> commands
> iubeo / iussus: command, order
> iussis
> iubeo / iussus: command, order
> [his] commands
> [would] yield [??],
> obsequens: yielding
> obsequi
> obsequium: compliance, obedience
> [would] obey,
> [and] risk [the whole plan?].
> audeo: dare, have courage, risk
> auderet
> audeo: dare, have courage, risk
> [and] risk [to defy Arbogast].

> Historia Francorum 2.9.10.d

### The world-governors oversee the operation.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.11.a

> Encrypted: After that the author records: In the same year, the world governors, those without public name and the dressed-up nobles beneath regular Frankish dress-up, in a foreign shape having mocked up, came to Cologne to oversee of the chief persons their abilities, and of the in-the-know persons entirely, to check if all of the Frankish disguises to withdraw into could possibly be penetrated and become visible.

> Official: After that the author records: In the same year, Arbogast, Sunno and Marcomer the petty princes of the Franks, with a tribal hatred chasing, came to Cologne to oversee in the chiefest winter an attack, and of the known places entirely, to check if all of the Frankish places to withdraw into he had penetrated and burned.

> After that
> dehinc: then, after that
> Dehinc
> dehinc: then, after that
> After that
> [the author] records:
> refero: refer, record
> refert
> refero: refer, record
> [the author] records:
> [In] the same
> eodem: same
> Eodem
> eodem: same
> [In] the same
> year,
> annus: year
> anno
> annus: year
> year,
> the world governors,
> orbis / orbe: world; gero / gestus: manage, govern
> Arbogastis
> Arbogastus: Arbogast
> Arbogast,
> [those] without [public] name
> sine: without; nomen: name
> Sunnonem
> Sunno / Sunnone: Sunno
> Sunno
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> the dressed-up nobles [??]
> mas / maria: man, noble; como / comere: arrange, adorn, dress
> Marcomere
> Marcomer: Marcomer
> Marcomer
> beneath regular
> sub: under, beneath; regularis: regular, usual
> subregolus
> subregulus: petty prince, feudatory vassal
> the petty princes
> Frankish [dress-up???],
> Francus: Frankish
> Francorum
> Francus: Frankish
> of the Franks,
> [in] a foreign
> gentilis: foreign, exotic
> gentilibus
> gentilis: gentile, pagan, of the same tribe
> [with] a tribal
> shape [???]
> idos: form, shape
> odiis
> odium / odiis: odium, hatred
> hatred
> having mocked up [???],
> insector: taunt, slander
> insectans
> insector: pursue, chase
> chasing,
> [came to] Cologne [???]
> agripeta: settler
> Agrepinam
> Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium: Cologne
> [came to] Cologne
> to oversee
> rego / regens: rule, govern, oversee
> regentem
> rego / regens: rule, govern, oversee
> to oversee
> of the chief
> maxime: most, especially, chiefly, certainly
> maxime
> maxime: most, especially, chiefly, certainly
> [in] the chiefest
> persons
> homo / hominis: human, person
> hieme
> hiems: winter
> winter
> [their] abilities [???],
> potens: potent, mighty, strong, powerful
> petiit
> peto: seek, attack
> an attack [??],
> [and] of the [in-the-]know [persons??]
> gnarus: having knowledge
> gnarus
> gnarus: known
> [and] of the known [places?]
> entirely,
> totus: total, all, whole
> toto
> totus: total, all, whole
> entirely,
> [to check if] all
> omnis: all, each, every
> omnes
> omnis: all, each, every
> [to check if] all
> of the Frankish
> Francus: Frankish
> Frantiae
> Francus: Frankish
> of the Frankish
> [disguises] to withdraw into
> recedo: vanish, disappear
> recessus
> recedo: recede, withdraw
> [places] to withdraw into
> [could possibly?] be penetrated
> penetro: penetrate, enter
> penetrandus
> penetro: penetrate, enter
> [he had] penetrated
> and become visible.
> orior / oriundus: appear, become visible
> urendusque
> uro / urendus: burn, inflame; -que: and
> and burned.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.11.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.11.b

> Encrypted: Because if had fallen the deception, in the poor and frightful crowded masses any deceivers to conceal themselves would not be able any more. They then collected therefore their performers to cross into their dress-up.

> Official: Because had fallen the leaves, and in the naked and dry trees any ambushers to conceal themselves were not able any more. He then collected therefore an army to cross the Rhine river.

> Because
> cum: since, because
> cum
> cum: since, because
> Because
> [if] had fallen
> decursus: decent, fall
> decursis
> decursus: decent, fall
> had fallen
> the deception,
> fallo / fallam / fallis: deceive, beguile, cheat
> foliis
> folium / folio / foliis: leaf
> the leaves,
> [in] the poor
> nudus: defenceless, helpless, poor
> nudae
> nudus: nude, naked
> [and in] the naked
> and
> atque: and
> atque
> atque: and
> and
> frightful
> horreo / horretis: dread, frightful
> arentes
> arens / arentes: dry parched
> dry
> crowded masses
> silva: crowded mass
> silvae
> silva: wood, forest, grove, trees
> trees
> [any] deceivers
> insidiator: lurker, plotter; insidiosus: deceitful
> insidiantes
> insidior / insidiatus: plot, lurk, ambush
> [any] ambushers
> to conceal [themselves]
> occulo / occultus: cover, hide, conceal
> occulere
> occulo / occultus: cover, hide, conceal
> to conceal [themselves]
> [would] not
> non: no, not
> non
> non: no, not
> [were] not
> be able [any more].
> possum: able, can, may
> possent
> possum: able, can, may
> able [any more].
> [They then] collected
> colligo / collectus: collect, gather
> Collicto
> colligo / collectus: collect, gather
> [He then] collected
> therefore
> ergo: therefore
> ergo
> ergo: therefore
> therefore
> [their] performers
> exercens: performer
> exercitu
> exercitus: army, troop, infantry
> an army
> to cross
> transgredior / transgressus: cross
> transgressus
> transgredior / transgressus: cross
> to cross
> [into their] dress-up.
> orno / ornem: ornament, decorate, dress
> Rhenum
> Rhenus / Rhenum: Rhine
> the Rhine [river].

> Historia Francorum 2.9.11.b

### Actors & nobles are dressed up as rural people.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.11.c

> Encrypted: Those that to appear and pick up the resemblance rural people were, and those that as agitated natives would be dressed, disguised were they then. Not at any time did this come to mind to anyone, except that to a few from around the transformation and around the appearance this dress-up of the noble rulers in the highest secrecy altogether was visible.

> Official: Of the Bructeri’s shores those that the nearest regions were, and those that the Chamavi inhabited, plundered were they by him. Not at any time was there opposition, except that a few from the Ampsivarii and from the Chatti under Marcomer the ruler on the farthest hill tops appeared.

> [Those that] to appear [???]
> procedo / procedere: proceed, appear
> Bricteros
> Bructeri: Bructeri
> Of the Bructeri’s
> [and] pick up [???]
> arripio: pick up, absorb
> ripae
> ripa: bank, shore
> shores
> the resemblance
> proximitas: similarity, resemblance
> proximos
> proximus: neighbor, nearest
> [those that] the nearest
> rural people
> pagus: country or rural people; paganus: pagan
> pagum
> pagus: district, province, region
> regions
> were,
> sum / etiam: be
> etiam
> sum / etiam: be
> were,
> [and those] that
> qui / quem: who, that
> quem
> qui / quem: who, that
> [and those] that
> [as] agitated [natives]
> commoveo: stir up, agitate, upset
> Chamavi
> Chamavi: Chamavi
> the Chamavi
> [would] be dressed,
> in: in; colo: dress, decorate
> incolunt
> incolo: cultivate, inhabit
> inhabited,
> disguised
> de: of, from; pallio: palliate, disguise, cloak
> depopulatus
> depopulo: sack, plunder, pillage
> plundered
> were [they then].
> sum / est: be
> est
> sum / est: be
> were [they by him].
> Not
> nullus: no, none
> nullo
> nullus: no, none
> Not
> at any time
> umquam: ever, at any time
> umquam
> umquam: ever, at any time
> at any time
> [did this] come to mind [to anyone?],
> occurro: occur, come to mind
> occursante
> occurro: oppose, resist
> [was there] opposition,
> except
> nisi: if not, except, unless
> nisi
> nisi: if not, except, unless
> except
> that
> quod: which, because
> quod
> quod: which, because
> that
> [to] a few
> paucus: a few, little
> pauci
> paucus: a few, little
> a few
> from
> ex: from
> ex
> ex: from
> from
> around the transformation [???]
> ambi-: around; vario: variegate, change, transform
> Ampsivariis
> Ampsivarii: Ampsivarii
> the Ampsivarii
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> [around] the appearance [???]
> cutis: skin, external appearance, surface
> Catthis
> Chatti: Chatti
> [from] the Chatti
> [this] dress-up of the noble
> mas / maria: man, noble; como / comere: arrange, adorn, dress
> Marcomere
> Marcomer: Marcomer
> [under] Marcomer
> rulers
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> duce
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> the ruler
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> on
> the highest
> ulterior: highest, greatest
> ulterioribus
> ulterior: further, more remote
> the farthest
> secrecy
> collusio: collusion, secret, deceptive understanding
> collium
> collis: hill, eminence, mound
> hill
> altogether
> iugus: combined together
> iugis
> iugum: yoke, summit
> tops
> was visible.
> appareo: appear, show up, be visible
> apparuere
> appareo: appear, show up, be visible
> appeared.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.11.c

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.12.a

> Encrypted: Again here, not touching the question as to if there were any rulers as far as royalty, the author recounts that the Franks did a king have depicted in this scheme, but his name he omits to say.

> Official: Again here, not touching the question as to if there were any rulers as far as royalty, the author recounts that the Franks did a king have appointed, but his name he omits to say.

> Again
> iterum: again
> Iterum
> iterum: again
> Again
> here,
> hic: this, here
> hic
> hic: this, here
> here,
> not touching [the question?]
> relictus: abandoned, left untouched
> relictis
> relictus: abandoned, left untouched
> not touching [the question?]
> as [to]
> tam: so, so much as
> tam
> tam: so, so much as
> as [to]
> [if there were any?] rulers
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> ducibus
> dux / duces: duke, leader, prince, ruler
> [if there were any?] rulers
> as far as
> quam: what, how, as far as
> quam
> quam: what, how, as far as
> as far as
> royalty,
> regalis: regal, royal
> regalibus
> regalis: regal, royal
> royalty,
> [the author] recounts [that]
> aperio: uncover, open, disclose
> aperte
> aperio: explain, recount
> [the author] recounts [that]
> the Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Francos
> Francus: Frankish
> the Franks
> [did] a king
> regimen: control, steering
> regem
> rex / regem: king, ruler
> [did] a king
> have
> habeo: have, hold
> habere
> habeo: have, hold
> have
> depicted [in this scheme???],
> designo: design, depict, represent, scheme
> designat
> designo: designate, appoint
> appointed,
> but
> hic / huius: this, here; -que: and
> huiusque
> hic / huius: this, here; -que: and
> but
> [his] name
> nomen: name
> nomen
> nomen: name
> [his] name
> [he] omits
> praetermitto: omit, overlook
> praetermissum
> praetermitto: omit, overlook
> [he] omits
> to say.
> aio: say, speak
> ait
> aio: say, speak
> to say.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.12.a

### The army of harmless disguised actors is tested, and hostile natives turn & flee.

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.12.b

> Encrypted: After that, the Well-Born tyrants undertook an expedition all girded-up, at testing the dress-up’s limits aimed, in order to, with the Alemanni and the Frankish veils, test the dressed-up filthiness that from the barbarous manners originated, and an immense (for that time) group of performers to the people feral to present.

> Official: After that, Eugenius the tyrant undertook an expedition in readiness, at the Rhine’s borders aimed, in order to, with the Alemanni and the Frankish kings, renew the ancient treaties that from the traditions originated, and an immense (for that time) army to the people feral to present.

> After that,
> dehinc: then, after that
> Dehinc
> dehinc: then, after that
> After that,
> the Well-Born
> eugeneus: well-born, noble
> Eugenius
> Eugenius: Eugenius
> Eugenius
> tyrants
> tyrannus: tyrant, monarch
> tyrannus
> tyrannus: tyrant, monarch
> the tyrant
> undertook
> suspecto / suspectus: suspect
> suscepto
> suscipio / susceptus: accept, undertake
> undertook
> an expedition
> expedius: free, easy, ready for action
> expeticionale
> expeditio: expedition, campaign
> an expedition
> [all] girded-up,
> procingo: gird-up, prepare
> procincto
> procinctus: preparedness, readiness
> [in?] readiness,
> [at testing?] the dress-up’s
> orno / ornem: ornament, decorate, dress
> Rheni
> Rhenus / Rhenum: Rhine
> [at] the Rhine’s
> limits
> limito: bound, limit
> limitem
> limito: bound, limit
> borders
> aimed,
> peto: aim at, make for
> petit
> peto: aim at, make for
> aimed,
> in order to,
> ut: to, in order to
> ut
> ut: to, in order to
> in order to,
> with
> cum: since, because
> cum
> cum: since, because
> with
> the Alemanni
> Alemannus: Alemanni tribe
> Alamannorum
> Alemannus: Alemanni tribe
> the Alemanni
> and
> et: and
> et
> et: and
> and
> the Frankish
> Francus: Frankish
> Francorum
> Francus: Frankish
> the Frankish
> veils [??],
> rica / ricis: veil
> regibus
> rex / regis: king, ruler
> kings,
> [test?] the dressed-up
> vestitus: vesture, clothing, dress
> vetustis
> vetustus: ancient, established
> [renew?] the ancient
> filthiness
> foedus: filthy, unseemly
> foederibus
> foedus: treaty, league
> treaties
> [that] from
> ex: from
> ex
> ex: from
> [that] from
> the [barbarous] manners
> mos: manner, custom
> more
> mos: manner, custom
> the traditions
> originated,
> initio: initiate, originate
> initis
> initio: initiate, originate
> originated,
> [and] an immense
> immensum: immense, vast
> inmensum
> immensum: immense, vast
> [and] an immense
> (for that
> ea: this, that
> ea
> ea: this, that
> (for that
> time)
> tempestas: portion, point, time, period
> tempestate
> tempestas: portion, point, time, period
> time)
> [group of] performers
> exercens: performer
> exercitum
> exercitus: army, troop, infantry
> army
> [to] the people
> gentibus
> [to] the people
> feral
> ferus: wild, savage
> feris
> ferus: wild, savage
> feral
> to present.
> ostento: exhibit, show, present
> ostentaret
> ostento: exhibit, show, present
> to present.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.12.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.13.a

> Encrypted: These things are written about by the historiographer of the Franks, and put forth. Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, whom now above I have recalled, while the Roman history he recorded and to the Goths their deception and subversion, he says:

> Official: These things are written about by the historiographer of the Franks, and put forth. Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, whom now above I have recalled, while the Roman history he recorded and by the Goths their capture and destruction, he says:

> These [things]
> hic / haec: this, here
> Haec
> hic / haec: this, here
> These [things]
> are written [about]
> superscribo: superscribe, write upon
> suprascriptus
> superscribo: superscribe, write upon
> are written [about]
> [by] the historiographer
> historiograffus
> [by] the historiographer
> of
> de: of, from
> de
> de: of, from
> of
> the Franks,
> Francus: Frankish
> Francis
> Francus: Frankish
> the Franks,
> [and] put forth.
> exsero: uncover, put forth
> exseruit
> exsero: uncover, put forth
> [and] put forth.
> Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus,
> Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus: Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus
> Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus
> Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus: Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus
> Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus,
> whom
> cui: to whom
> cui
> cui: to whom
> whom
> now
> iam: now
> iam
> iam: now
> now
> above
> supra: above
> supra
> supra: above
> above
> [I] have recalled,
> memini: remember, recall
> meminimus
> memini: remember, recall
> [I] have recalled,
> while
> cum: with, when, while
> cum
> cum: with, when, while
> while
> the Roman [history]
> Romanus: Roman
> Romam
> Romanus: Roman
> the Roman [history]
> [he] recorded
> refero: refer, record, relate
> refert
> refero: refer, record, relate
> [he] recorded
> [and] to [???]
> a: to, with
> a
> a: from, by
> [and] by
> the Goths
> Gothi: Goths
> Gothis
> Gothi: Goths
> the Goths
> [their] deception
> capio / capito: cheat, deceive
> captam
> capto: grasp, seize
> [their] capture
> and
> atque: and
> atque
> atque: and
> and
> subversion,
> subverto: subvert
> subversam
> subverto: overthrow, destroy
> destruction,
> [he] says:
> aio: say, speak
> ait
> aio: say, speak
> [he] says:

> Historia Francorum 2.9.13.a

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.13.b

> Encrypted: Meanwhile responded well to the veil the foreigners, when on open terrain into the disguised Romans they crossed, as from this dress-up entire armies of them turned around, even as the Vandals and Franks in their veils were only a cover.

> Official: Meanwhile, Respendial the king of the Alans, when Goar to the Romans crossed over, from the Rhine the armies of his turned around, as the Vandals and Franks in this war were suffering.

> Meanwhile
> interea: meanwhile
> Interea
> interea: meanwhile
> Meanwhile,
> responded [well???]
> respondeo: answer
> Respendial
> Respendial: Respendial
> Respendial
> [to] the veil [???]
> rica: veil
> rex
> rex: king, ruler
> the king
> the foreigners [???],
> alienus: foreign, averse, hostile
> Alanorum
> Alanus: of the Alan tribe
> of the Alans,
> [when on open?] terrain [???]
> ager: country, terrain
> Goare
> Goar: Goar
> [when] Goar
> into
> ad: at, to, toward
> ad
> ad: at, to, toward
> to
> the [disguised] Romans
> Romanus: Roman
> Romanos
> Romanus: Roman
> the Romans
> [they] crossed,
> transgredior / transgressus: cross
> transgresso
> transgredior / transgressus: cross
> crossed [over],
> [as] from
> de: from, of
> de
> de: from, of
> from
> [this] dress-up
> orno / ornem: ornament, decorate, dress
> Rheno
> Rhenus / Rhenum: Rhine
> the Rhine
> [entire] armies
> agmen: army, multitude, crowd
> agmen
> agmen: army, multitude, crowd
> the armies
> of them
> suus / suorum: his, theirs
> suorum
> suus / suorum: his, theirs
> of his
> turned around,
> converto: drive back, turn backwards
> convertit
> converto: drive back, turn backwards
> turned around,
> [even as] the Vandals
> Vandalus: Vandals
> Wandalis
> Vandalus: Vandals
> [as] the Vandals
> [and] Franks
> Francus: Frankish
> Francorum
> Francus: Frankish
> [and] Franks
> [in their] veils
> velum / velo: covering, curtain, veil
> bello
> bellum / bello: war, warfare, military force
> [in this] war
> were [only] a cover.
> lino / leverant: smear, cover, overlay
> laborantibus
> laborans / laboranti: laboring, suffering
> were suffering.

> Historia Francorum 2.9.13.b

#### Historia Francorum 2.9.13.c

> Encrypted: The joyful helmet-wearers in their veils were just nonsense, and just people common who into thousands of swordsmen has been changed. The whole deception in a massacre could had ended, if not the smeared-on appearance in this occasion had rescued them.

> Official: Godigisel their king was destroyed, and twenty times thousand of the swordsmen had been killed. The whole Vandal nation at this slaughter would have been destroyed, if not the Alans’ forces in time had rescued them.

> The joyful helmet-wearers [???]
> gaudium / gaudi: joy, delight; casila: helmet, wearer of a helmet
> Godigyselo
> Godigisel: Godigisel
> Godigisel
> [in their] veils [???]
> rica: veil
> rege
> rex: king, ruler
> [their] king
> were [just] nonsense [???],
> absurdus: absurd, nonsensical
> absumpto
> absumo / absumptus: destroy
> was destroyed,
> and
> ac: and, and also
> aciae
> ac: and, and also
> and
> [just] people
> gens / genti: people
> viginti
> viginti: twenty
> twenty
> common
> ferme: generally, usually, commonly
> ferme
> ferme: closely, quite, just
> [times]
> [who into??] thousands
> mille: thousand
> milibus
> mille: thousand
> thousand
> of swordsmen
> ferrum: iron, sword, fight
> ferro
> ferrum: iron, sword, fight
> of the sword[smen]
> has been changed.
> permuto / permutatus: alter, change completely
> peremptis
> perimo / peremptus: kill, destroy
> had been killed.
> The whole
> cunctus: whole, entire
> cunctis
> cunctus: whole, entire
> The whole
> deception
> vanitas: falsehood, deception; -lus: (suffix)
> Wandalorum
> Vandalus: Vandals
> Vandal [nation?]
> in
> ad: at, to, on, in
> ad
> ad: at, to, on, in
> at
> a massacre
> internecio: massacre, slaughter
> internitionem
> internecio: massacre, slaughter
> [this] slaughter
> [could] had ended,
> deleo / delendus: delete, destroy completely, end
> delendis
> deleo / delendus: delete, destroy completely, end
> [would] have been destroyed,
> if not
> nisi: if not, unless, except
> nisi
> nisi: if not, unless, except
> if not
> the smeared-on
> illino / illinerem: smear on, spread on, besmear
> Alanorum
> Alanus / Alanorum: of the Alan tribe
> the Alans’
> appearance
> visum: vision, appearance
> vis
> vis: force, power, might, violence
> forces
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> in: in, into
> in
> [this] occasion
> tempus: time, season, condition, occasion, necessity
> tempore
> tempus: time, season, condition, occasion, necessity
> time
> had rescued [them].
> subvenio: assist, rescue
> subvenisset
> subvenio: assist, rescue
> had rescued [them].

> Historia Francorum 2.9.13.c

🏷 Latin text interlinear · text